PSG has now secured the season-opening trophy on fourteen different times.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time equaliser followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a fourth straight Trophee des Champions victory.
The Champions League holders appeared to be coasting towards a comfortable triumph in the showdown between the Ligue 1 champions and the French Cup holders after Ousmane Dembele found the scoring early on.
Yet, the southern French side struck twice late to take a surprise advantage. First, the English forward scored from the spot-kick, before the defender inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking turn of fortune, the Portuguese striker grabbed a vital equaliser in the final seconds to force the contest into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Lucas Chevalier then emerged as the hero, stopping decisive kicks from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and Desire Doue all converted successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a 4-1 penalty victory.
Now 14-time champions Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after achieving a league and cup double, have now won this trophy for the twelfth time in the past 13 seasons.